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Grammar Tables

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As of: 2026-06-16 Purpose: complete verb conjugation tables (20 core verbs, all tenses), noun declension, adjective comparison, pronouns, pre-/postpositions, conjunctions. The linguistic background is covered by the article Linguistik.

CLASSIFICATION: WHAT THESE TABLES SHOW

The language of the Êzîdîs is, in its everyday, profane form, a southern Kurmancî (Northern Kurdish), that is, the same grammar described in the major standard grammars. The paradigms documented here follow the Latin Hawar alphabet (Celadet Alî Bedirxan, 1932) and largely match, morphologically, the system described in Thackston (2006), Bedirxan/Lescot (1970) and Qanatê Kurdo (1957). The tables are meant to be descriptive: they depict forms as they occur in the spoken Êzîdî variety and in the supra-regional Kurmancî standard, they do not prescribe a norm.

Three points of language history are important for reading this:

  1. Êzdîkî is not an independent grammatical system, but a confessionally shaped way of speaking within the Kurmancî continuum. The religious vocabulary and ritual language (Qewl, Beyt) contains archaisms and loan material, yet the everyday grammar treated here is that of Kurmancî. The deeper linguistic analysis, sound change, dialect geography, substrate, is provided by the article Linguistik; vocabulary and meanings are opened up by the Glossar; the history of writing is covered by Alphabet-Historie.

  2. The Kurmancî standard is young. Only Bedirxan and Lescot codified, in the Grammaire kurde (dialecte kurmandji) (Paris 1970), a unified Latin-script norm; since then “Standard Kurmancî” rests on this set of rules. Before and alongside it, the linguist Qanatê Kurdo (Kanat Kurdoev), born into an Êzîdî family, described phonetics and morphology on a scientific basis in his Moscow Grammatika kurdskogo jazyka (kurmandži) (1957). Êzîdî speakers were thus involved in the writing-down of Kurdish from the very beginning.

  3. Tables ≠ invented forms. All conjugation and declension forms in this document remain unchanged; the deepening of this version consists exclusively of explanatory prose and sourced background sections. Where Êzîdî dialect features are mentioned, they are marked as such and cited only where they are documented in the scholarly literature (Omarkhali, Kurdo).

CONTENTS

  1. Verb conjugations (20 verbs × 8 tenses/moods)
  2. Noun declension (examples m/f/Pl)
  3. Adjective comparison
  4. Pronoun tables (personal, possessive, demonstrative, reflexive, reciprocal, interrogative)
  5. Prepositions + postpositions + circumpositions
  6. Conjunctions (coordinating + subordinating)
  7. Numerals (cardinal, ordinal, fractional, multiplicative)
  8. Negation and modal constructions
  9. Imperative table

1. VERB CONJUGATIONS

1.1 Basic principle

Kurdish verbal morphology rests, like that of all West Iranian languages, on a two-stem system that ultimately goes back to the Old Iranian contrast between present stem and past participle. Every Êzdîkî/Kurmancî verb has:

  • Present stem (Pres) → forms present, subjunctive, future, imperative
  • Preterite stem (Pret) = infinitive minus ending (-in / -tin / -an) → forms all past tenses

To these stems are added bound verbal prefixes that recur throughout the conjugation (cf. Thackston 2006; Wikipedia, Kurdish grammar):

  • di- (indicative imperfective): marks the present and the imperfect on the present stem (e.g. di-k-im “I do”).
  • bi- (subjunctive/irrealis): marks subjunctive, imperative and, on the preterite stem, the conditional (e.g. bi-k-im “that I do”). Before some stems bi- is reduced or assimilated.
  • ê / dê / wê (future/modal particle): attaches enclitically after the subject and combines with the subjunctive (e.g. ez-ê bi-k-im “I will do”). The particle wê is regarded as a variant of dê and is shortened to ê, especially after a pronominal subject.

The personal endings differ by stem. On the present stem they agree with the subject; on the preterite stem the agreement depends on the verb type (see ergativity below).

Personal endings present:

Person Ending
1.sg -im / -m
2.sg -î / -y
3.sg -e
1.pl -in
2.pl -in
3.pl -in

Personal endings preterite (intrans.):

Person Ending
1.sg -m
2.sg -yî
3.sg -∅
1.pl -n
2.pl -n
3.pl -n

For transitive verbs in the preterite: ergative construction (agent in oblique case, verb agrees with the direct object).

Excursus: what “split ergativity” means concretely

Kurmancî, and hence also everyday Êzîdî Kurdish, is split-ergative: the sentence construction switches depending on the tense. In the present, the language follows the nominative–accusative pattern familiar from European languages; in the preterite of transitive verbs, by contrast, it follows the ergative pattern (Haig; Atlamaz/Baker; Wikipedia, Kurdish grammar).

In practice this means:

  • Present, transitive: the agent stands in the direct (= absolute) case, the object in the oblique case, and the verb agrees with the agent: Ez kitêbê dixwînim. “I read the book.” (ez dir., kitêbê obl., verb 1.sg = I)
  • Preterite, transitive (ergative): the agent now stands in the oblique case, the object in the direct case, and the verb agrees with the object/patient, no longer with the agent: Min ew dîtin. “I saw them (pl.).” (min obl. = I, ew dir. = them, verb dîtin 3.pl, agreeing with the object!)

In this construction the oblique pronouns thus function as ergative, the direct ones as absolutive (subject of intransitive + object of transitive verbs). Haig’s finding is important: this split is a morphological, not a syntactic ergativity, it concerns only case marking and verb agreement, not word order; the basic order remains SOV. As in all Iranian languages, the non-accusative alignment is historically tied to the past stem of transitive verbs. A detailed typological classification is offered by the article Linguistik.

Intransitive verbs (e.g. çûn “to go”, hatin “to come”, man “to stay”) do not have this split: here the subject remains in the direct case in both tenses, and the verb agrees with it throughout (Ez çûm. “I went.”).

1.2 Verb 1: bûn: “to be / to become”

Infinitive: bûn Present stem: -b- / suppletive (see below) Preterite stem: bû-

Present (copula)

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez im I am
2.sg tu yî you are
3.sg ew e he/she/it is
1.pl em in we are
2.pl hûn in you (pl.) are
3.pl ew in they are

Negative: ne + copula → ez ne im, tu ne yî, ew ne ye…

Present (full verb “to become”)

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez dibim I become
2.sg tu dibî you become
3.sg ew dibe he/she becomes
1.pl em dibin we become
2.pl hûn dibin you (pl.) become
3.pl ew dibin they become

Preterite

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez bûm I was
2.sg tu bûyî you were
3.sg ew bû he/she was
1.pl em bûn we were
2.pl hûn bûn you (pl.) were
3.pl ew bûn they were

Subjunctive

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez bibim that I be
2.sg tu bibî that you be
3.sg ew bibe that he be
1.pl em bibin that we be
2.pl hûn bibin that you (pl.) be
3.pl ew bibin that they be

Future

Person Form Translation
1.sg ezê bibim I will be
2.sg tuyê bibî you will be
3.sg ewê bibe he will be
1.pl emê bibin we will be
2.pl hûnê bibin you (pl.) will be
3.pl ewê bibin they will be

Perfect

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez bûme I have been
2.sg tu bûyî you have been
3.sg ew bûye he has been
1.pl em bûne we have been
2.pl hûn bûne you (pl.) have been
3.pl ew bûne they have been

Pluperfect

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez bibûm I had been
2.sg tu bibûyî you had been
3.sg ew bibû he had been
1.pl em bibûn we had been
2.pl hûn bibûn you (pl.) had been
3.pl ew bibûn they had been

Conditional (irrealis)

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez bibûma were I
2.sg tu bibûyayî were you
3.sg ew bibûya were he
1.pl em bibûna were we
2.pl hûn bibûna were you (pl.)
3.pl ew bibûna were they

Imperative

Person Form
2.sg be! / bibe!
2.pl bin! / bibin!

1.3 Verb 2: hebûn: “to exist / to have”

Inf.: hebûn | Pres. stem: -heb- | Pret. stem: hebû-

Main use: possessive existence: “X has Y” = “ji X-rê Y heye” or “Y-y X heye”. A classic Êzdîkî pattern.

Present

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez hebûm? (rare), usually: hîm heye (I exist)
3.sg heye there is / it exists
3.pl hene they exist

Preterite

Person Form Translation
3.sg hebû there was / it was
3.pl hebûn they existed

Possessive construction:

  • Kitêbeke min heye.: I have a book. (lit.: A book of-mine exists.)
  • Birayekî te hebû.: You had a brother.
  • Du keçên me hene.: We have two daughters.
  • Av tune. (negative existence, suppletive form), There is no water.
  • Mala wan tunîne.: They have no house.

1.4 Verb 3: kirin: “to do / to make”

Inf.: kirin | Pres. stem: -k- | Pret. stem: kir-

Present

Person Form Translation
1.sg ez dikim I do
2.sg tu dikî you do
3.sg ew dike he/she does
1.pl em dikin we do
2.pl hûn dikin you (pl.) do
3.pl ew dikin they do

Preterite (ergative! transitive verb)

Agent (obl.) Patient (dir.) Verb form Translation
min ev/ew (3.sg) kir I did (it)
min ew (3.pl) kirin I did (them)
te ev (3.sg) kir you did (it)
wî/wê ev (3.sg) kir he/she did (it)
me ev (3.sg) kir we did (it)
we ev (3.sg) kir you (pl.) did (it)
wan ev (3.sg) kir they did (it)

Examples:

  • Min karê xwe kir.: I did my work. (agent min-obl, patient kar dir.)
  • Wê nan çêkir.: She made bread.

Subjunctive

Person Form
1.sg ez bikim
2.sg tu bikî
3.sg ew bike
1.pl em bikin
2.pl hûn bikin
3.pl ew bikin

Future

Person Form
1.sg ezê bikim
2.sg tuyê bikî
3.sg ewê bike
1.pl emê bikin
2.pl hûnê bikin
3.pl ewê bikin

Perfect (ergative trans.)

Form Translation
min kiriye I have done (it)
min ew kirine I have done them
te kiriye you have done (it)
wî/wê kiriye he/she has done (it)
me kiriye we have done (it)

Pluperfect

| min kiribû | I had done (it) | | wî kiribû | he had done (it) |

Conditional

Form Translation
min bikira had I done
te bikira had you done
wî bikira had he done

Imperative

| 2.sg | bike! (do it!) | | 2.pl | bikin! (do it!) | | Negative 2.sg | meke! (don’t do it!) | | Negative 2.pl | mekin! (don’t do it!) |

1.5 Verb 4: çûn: “to go”

Inf.: çûn | Pres. stem: -ç- | Pret. stem: çû- | Intransitive!

Present

Person Form
1.sg ez diçim
2.sg tu diçî
3.sg ew diçe
1.pl em diçin
2.pl hûn diçin
3.pl ew diçin

Preterite (intrans.)

Person Form
1.sg ez çûm
2.sg tu çûyî
3.sg ew çû
1.pl em çûn
2.pl hûn çûn
3.pl ew çûn

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez biçim | | 2.sg | tu biçî | | 3.sg | ew biçe | | 1.pl | em biçin | | 2.pl | hûn biçin| | 3.pl | ew biçin |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê biçim | | 2.sg | tuyê biçî | | 3.sg | ewê biçe | | 1.pl | emê biçin | | 2.pl | hûnê biçin| | 3.pl | ewê biçin |

Perfect (intrans.)

| 1.sg | ez çûme | I have gone | | 2.sg | tu çûyî | | | 3.sg | ew çûye | | | 1.pl | em çûne | | | 2.pl | hûn çûne | | | 3.pl | ew çûne | |

Pluperfect

| ez çûbûm | I had gone | | ew çûbû | he had gone |

Conditional

| ez biçûma | were I gone / would I go | | ew biçûya | were he gone |

Imperative

| 2.sg | here! / biçe! | | 2.pl | herin! / biçin! | | Negative | meçe! / meçin! |

1.6 Verb 5: hatin: “to come”

Inf.: hatin | Pres. stem: contracted tê- | Pret. stem: hat-

Present (contracted)

Person Form
1.sg ez têm
2.sg tu tê(y)î / tu têyî
3.sg ew tê
1.pl em tên
2.pl hûn tên
3.pl ew tên

(Alternative full forms: ez dihêm, tu dihêyî, ew dihê…)

Preterite

| 1.sg | ez hatim | | 2.sg | tu hatî | | 3.sg | ew hat | | 1.pl | em hatin | | 2.pl | hûn hatin | | 3.pl | ew hatin |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bêm | | 2.sg | tu bê(y)î | | 3.sg | ew bê | | 1.pl | em bên | | 2.pl | hûn bên | | 3.pl | ew bên |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bêm | | 3.sg | ewê bê | | 3.pl | ewê bên |

Perfect

| 1.sg | ez hatime | | 3.sg | ew hatiye | | 3.pl | ew hatine |

Pluperfect

| ez hatibûm | I had come |

Conditional

| ez bihatama | were I come |

Imperative

| 2.sg | were! (come!) | 2.pl | werin! | | Negative 2.sg | meye! / neyê! | 2.pl | meyin! |

1.7 Verb 6: dîtin: “to see”

Inf.: dîtin | Pres. stem: -bîn- | Pret. stem: dît- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dibînim | | 2.sg | tu dibînî | | 3.sg | ew dibîne | | 1.pl | em dibînin | | 2.pl | hûn dibînin| | 3.pl | ew dibînin |

Preterite (ergative!)

Agent-obl Verb Meaning
min dît (3.sg-Pat) I saw (it)
min dîtin (3.pl-Pat) I saw (them/those)
te dît you saw
wî dît he saw
wê dît she saw
me dîtin we saw
we dîtin you (pl.) saw
wan dîtin they saw

Examples:

  • Min ew dît.: I saw him/her (3.sg.).
  • Wê ez dîtim.: She saw me. (verb agrees with I-1sg!)
  • Wan em dîtin.: They saw us.

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bibînim | | 2.sg | tu bibînî | | 3.sg | ew bibîne | | 1.pl | em bibînin | | 2.pl | hûn bibînin| | 3.pl | ew bibînin |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bibînim | | 3.sg | ewê bibîne |

Perfect (trans. ergative)

| min dîtiye | I have seen (it) | | min ew dîtine | I have seen them |

Pluperfect

| min dîtibû | I had seen |

Conditional

| min bidîta | had I seen |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bibîne! | 2.pl | bibînin! |

1.8 Verb 7: gotin: “to say”

Inf.: gotin | Pres. stem: -bêj- | Pret. stem: got- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dibêjim | | 2.sg | tu dibêjî | | 3.sg | ew dibêje | | 1.pl | em dibêjin | | 2.pl | hûn dibêjin| | 3.pl | ew dibêjin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min got | I said (it) | | te got | you said | | wî/wê got | he/she said | | me got | we said | | we got | you (pl.) said | | wan got | they said |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bibêjim | | 3.sg | ew bibêje |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bibêjim |

Perfect

| min gotiye | I have said |

Pluperfect

| min gotibû | I had said |

Conditional

| min bigota | had I said |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bibêje! | 2.pl | bibêjin! |

1.9 Verb 8: xwarin: “to eat”

Inf.: xwarin | Pres. stem: -xw- | Pret. stem: xwar- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dixwim | | 2.sg | tu dixwî | | 3.sg | ew dixwe | | 1.pl | em dixwin | | 2.pl | hûn dixwin| | 3.pl | ew dixwin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min xwar | I ate | | te xwar | you ate | | wî/wê xwar | he/she ate | | me xwar | we ate | | wan xwar | they ate |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bixwim | | 3.sg | ew bixwe |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bixwim |

Perfect

| min xwariye | I have eaten |

Pluperfect

| min xwaribû | I had eaten |

Conditional

| min bixwara | had I eaten |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bixwe! | 2.pl | bixwin! |

1.10 Verb 9: vexwarin: “to drink”

Inf.: vexwarin | Pres. stem: -vexw- | Pret. stem: vexwar- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez vedixwim | | 2.sg | tu vedixwî | | 3.sg | ew vedixwe | | 1.pl | em vedixwin | | 2.pl | hûn vedixwin| | 3.pl | ew vedixwin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min vexwar | I drank | | wê vexwar | she drank |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez vexwim |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê vexwim |

Perfect

| min vexwariye | I have drunk |

Imperative

| 2.sg | vexwe! | 2.pl | vexwin! |

1.11 Verb 10: dan: “to give”

Inf.: dan | Pres. stem: -d- | Pret. stem: da- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez didim | | 2.sg | tu didî | | 3.sg | ew dide | | 1.pl | em didin | | 2.pl | hûn didin| | 3.pl | ew didin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min da | I gave | | te da | you gave | | wî/wê da | he/she gave | | me da | we gave | | wan da | they gave |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bidim | | 3.sg | ew bide |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bidim |

Perfect

| min daye | I have given |

Pluperfect

| min dabû | I had given |

Conditional

| min bida | would I give |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bide! | 2.pl | bidin! |

1.12 Verb 11: birin: “to carry / to take away”

Inf.: birin | Pres. stem: -b- (suppletive, identical to bûn, context decides!) | Pret. stem: bir- | Transitive!

In practice birin has the present stem -b- with dibe (3.sg.) and the preterite stem bir-.

Present

| 1.sg | ez dibim | | 2.sg | tu dibî | | 3.sg | ew dibe | | 1.pl | em dibin | | 2.pl | hûn dibin| | 3.pl | ew dibin |

(Note: homophonous with the present of the full verb “to become/be”! Disambiguated by the object complement.)

Preterite (ergative)

| min bir | I carried | | te bir | you carried | | wî/wê bir | he/she carried | | wan bir | they carried |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bibim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bibe! | 2.pl | bibin! |

1.13 Verb 12: anîn: “to bring”

Inf.: anîn | Pres. stem: -în- / -tîn- | Pret. stem: anî- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez tînim | | 2.sg | tu tînî | | 3.sg | ew tîne | | 1.pl | em tînin | | 2.pl | hûn tînin| | 3.pl | ew tînin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min anî | I brought | | wê anî | she brought |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bînim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bîne! | 2.pl | bînin! |

1.14 Verb 13: zanîn: “to know”

Inf.: zanîn | Pres. stem: -zan- | Pret. stem: zanî- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dizanim | | 2.sg | tu dizanî | | 3.sg | ew dizane | | 1.pl | em dizanin | | 2.pl | hûn dizanin| | 3.pl | ew dizanin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min zanî | I knew | | wî zanî | he knew |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bizanim |

Imperative (rare, because stative)

| 2.sg | bizane! | 2.pl | bizanin! |

1.15 Verb 14: karîn: “to be able / can”

Inf.: karîn | Pres. stem: -kar- | Pret. stem: karî- | Modal verb, complement = subjunctive

Present

| 1.sg | ez dikarim biçim | I can go | | 2.sg | tu dikarî biçî | you can go | | 3.sg | ew dikare biçe | he/she can go | | 1.pl | em dikarin biçin | we can go | | 2.pl | hûn dikarin biçin| you (pl.) can go | | 3.pl | ew dikarin biçin | they can go |

Preterite

| min karî biçûma | I could go (counterfactual) |

Perfect

| min karîye biçim | I have been able to go |

1.16 Verb 15: xwastin: “to want / to wish”

Inf.: xwastin | Pres. stem: -xwaz- | Pret. stem: xwast- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dixwazim | | 2.sg | tu dixwazî | | 3.sg | ew dixwaze | | 1.pl | em dixwazin | | 2.pl | hûn dixwazin| | 3.pl | ew dixwazin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min xwast | I wanted | | wê xwast | she wanted |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bixwazim |

  • Ez dixwazim ku tu werî.: I want you to come.
  • Min dixwest ez biçim.: I wanted me to go / I wanted to go.

Imperative

| 2.sg | bixwaze! | 2.pl | bixwazin! |

1.17 Verb 16: mayîn / man: “to stay”

Inf.: mayîn / man | Pres. stem: -mîn- | Pret. stem: ma- | Intransitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dimînim | | 2.sg | tu dimînî | | 3.sg | ew dimîne | | 1.pl | em dimînin | | 2.pl | hûn dimînin| | 3.pl | ew dimînin |

Preterite (intrans.)

| 1.sg | ez mam | | 2.sg | tu mayî | | 3.sg | ew ma | | 1.pl | em man | | 2.pl | hûn man | | 3.pl | ew man |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bimînim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bimîne! | 2.pl | bimînin! |

1.18 Verb 17: firotin: “to sell”

Inf.: firotin | Pres. stem: -firoş- | Pret. stem: firot- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez difiroşim | | 2.sg | tu difiroşî | | 3.sg | ew difiroşe | | 1.pl | em difiroşin | | 2.pl | hûn difiroşin| | 3.pl | ew difiroşin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min firot | I sold | | wê firot | she sold |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bifiroşim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bifiroşe! | 2.pl | bifiroşin! |

1.19 Verb 18: kirîn: “to buy”

Inf.: kirîn | Pres. stem: -kir- (rarely -kirr-) | Pret. stem: kirî- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dikirim | | 2.sg | tu dikirî | | 3.sg | ew dikire | | 1.pl | em dikirin | | 2.pl | hûn dikirin| | 3.pl | ew dikirin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min kirî | I bought (3.sg-Pat.) | | min kirîn | I bought (3.pl-Pat.) | | wê kirî | she bought |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bikirim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bikire! | 2.pl | bikirin! |

1.20 Verb 19: gerîn: “to search / to go around”

Inf.: gerîn | Pres. stem: -ger- | Pret. stem: gerî- | Trans./intrans. depending on meaning!

Present

| 1.sg | ez digerim | | 2.sg | tu digerî | | 3.sg | ew digere | | 1.pl | em digerin | | 2.pl | hûn digerin| | 3.pl | ew digerin |

Preterite (often intrans.)

| 1.sg | ez gerîyam | | 2.sg | tu gerîyayî| | 3.sg | ew gerîya | | 1.pl | em gerîyan | | 3.pl | ew gerîyan |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bigerim |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bigere! | 2.pl | bigerin! |

1.21 Verb 20: xwendin: “to read / to study”

Inf.: xwendin | Pres. stem: -xwîn- | Pret. stem: xwend- | Transitive!

Present

| 1.sg | ez dixwînim | | 2.sg | tu dixwînî | | 3.sg | ew dixwîne | | 1.pl | em dixwînin | | 2.pl | hûn dixwînin| | 3.pl | ew dixwînin |

Preterite (ergative)

| min xwend | I read / I studied | | te xwend | you read | | wî xwend | he read | | wan xwend | they read |

Subjunctive

| 1.sg | ez bixwînim |

Future

| 1.sg | ezê bixwînim |

Perfect

| min xwendiye | I have read |

Pluperfect

| min xwendibû | I had read |

Conditional

| min bixwenda | had I read |

Imperative

| 2.sg | bixwîne! | 2.pl | bixwînin! |

2. NOUN DECLENSION (full paradigms)

2.0 The case and gender system at a glance

Before the individual paradigms follow, the overall picture is worthwhile. The Kurmancî noun inflects for four cases (Thackston 2006; Wikipedia, Kurdish grammar):

  1. Direct / nominative (absolutive): the endingless base form. It marks the subject in the present, the subject of intransitive verbs in every tense, and the object of transitive past (ergative) sentences.
  2. Oblique: marked by -î (masc. sg.), -ê (fem. sg.) and -an (plural). It stands after prepositions, on the object in the present, and on the agent of transitive past sentences (ergative).
  3. Construct / Izafe (Ezafe): a linking particle that attaches the attributes following the head noun (adjectives, possessors, prepositional phrases). It agrees in gender and number: -ê (masc. sg.), -a (fem. sg.), -ên (plural). These values are entered consistently in the tables below.
  4. Vocative: the address form: -o (masc. sg.), -ê (fem. sg.), -no (plural).

Gender: Kurmancî has two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine, which are not readable from the word form but are lexically fixed and show up above all in the Izafe and oblique marking. Gender must therefore be memorized along with every noun, the most reliable indicator is the Izafe ending (mêr-ê masc. vs. jin-a fem.). In parts of the southern Kurmancî spoken by Êzîdîs the gender distinction is partly weakened; such tendencies are treated by the article Linguistik.

Definiteness: There is no definite article; definiteness follows from the context and the case marking. Indefiniteness is expressed by the suffix -ek (sg.) or -in (pl.) (mêr-ek “a man”). The Izafe vowel before an attribute appears in reduced form with indefinites (masc. indef. -ekî, fem. indef. -eke), as the example sentences show.

In the following paradigms, the direct, oblique, Izafe, indefinite and vocative forms for singular and plural are given for each noun. The example sentences illustrate which form stands in which sentence position: especially the alternation between present (object oblique) and ergative preterite (object direct).

2.1 Masculine noun: mêr “man”

Form Singular Plural
direct mêr mêr
oblique mêrî mêran
Izafe direct mêrê… mêrên…
Izafe oblique mêrê… mêrên…
indefinite mêrek mêrin
vocative mêro! mêrno!
possessive base -ê min -ên min

Example sentences:

  • Mêr hat.: The man came. (dir.)
  • Min mêr dît.: I saw the man. (patient dir., trans. pret.)
  • Ez mêrî dibînim.: I see the man. (patient obl., pres.)
  • Mêrê min hat.: My husband came.
  • Mêrekî baş hat.: A good man came.
  • Ez bi mêran re diçim.: I go with the men. (obl. pl. after bi…re)

2.2 Feminine noun: jin “woman”

Form Singular Plural
direct jin jin
oblique jinê jinan
Izafe direct jina… jinên…
Izafe oblique jina… jinên…
indefinite jinek jinin
vocative jinê! jinino!

Example sentences:

  • Jin hat.: The woman came.
  • Min jin dît.: I saw the woman.
  • Ez jinê dibînim.: I see the woman.
  • Jina min hat.: My wife came.

2.3 Masculine noun with plural form: kur “son”

Form Singular Plural
direct kur kur
oblique kurî kuran
Izafe direct kurê… kurên…
indefinite kurek kurin
vocative kuro! kurno!

2.4 Feminine noun with sound change: keç “daughter/girl”

Form Singular Plural
direct keç keç
oblique keçê keçan
Izafe keça… keçên…
indefinite keçek keçin
vocative keçê! keçino!

2.5 Noun with consonant ending: dest “hand” (f)

Form Singular Plural
direct dest dest
oblique destê destan
Izafe desta… destên…
indefinite destek destin

2.6 Noun with vowel ending: ba “wind” (m)

Form Singular Plural
direct ba ba
oblique bayî bayan
Izafe bayê… bayên…
indefinite bayek bayin

2.7 Compounds / extended stems

  • Combined with adjective: mêrê baş (good man), Izafe connection
  • With possessive: mêrê min (my husband)
  • Genitive connection: mêrê jinê (the woman’s husband)

3. ADJECTIVE COMPARISON

The adjective in Kurmancî is postposed and bound to the head noun via the Izafe particle (mêr-ê baş “good man”, lit. “man-the good”). It does not itself agree in gender/number, that information is carried solely by the Izafe vowel before it. The comparison is morphologically extremely simple and completely regular: comparative by the suffix -tir, superlative analytically by the preposed particle herî or synthetically by -tirîn (Thackston 2006). Suppletive comparisons are, unlike in German, almost nonexistent (see 3.4). The standard of comparison is connected with the preposition ji “from/than”.

3.1 Positive

The adjective stands after the noun, connected by Izafe:

  • mêrê baş: good man
  • jina rind: beautiful woman
  • kitêba nû: new book

3.2 Comparative

Formation: adjective + -tir (very regular!)

Positive Comparative Meaning
baş baştir better
mezin mezintir bigger
piçûk piçûktir smaller
dirêj dirêjtir longer
kurt kurttir shorter
nû nûtir newer
kevn kevntir older (things)
ciwan ciwantir younger
rind rindtir more beautiful
xirab xirabtir worse
dewlemend dewlemendtir richer
feqîr feqîrtir poorer
hêsan hêsantir easier
zehmet zehmettir more difficult
dûr dûrtir farther
nêzîk nêzîktir closer
germ germtir warmer
sar sartir colder

Comparison particle: ji (from/than)

  • Ev kitêb ji ya min mezintir e.: This book is bigger than mine.
  • Ew ji min ciwantir e.: She is younger than I.

3.3 Superlative

Formation: herî / ji hemûyan + adjective OR adjective + -tirîn

Positive Superlative variant 1 Superlative variant 2
baş herî baş baştirîn
mezin herî mezin mezintirîn
piçûk herî piçûk piçûktirîn
rind herî rind rindtirîn
dirêj herî dirêj dirêjtirîn
dewlemend herî dewlemend dewlemendtirîn
ciwan herî ciwan ciwantirîn
nû herî nû nûtirîn

Examples:

  • Ev mala herî mezin e.: This is the biggest house.
  • Baştirîn xwarin a wî ye.: His food is the best.

3.4 Suppletive comparison (very rare)

Positive Comparative Superlative Meaning
baş çêtir herî çê / çêtirîn good – better – best (arch./poet.)
xirab xirabtir / xêrab herî xirab bad

çêtir and baştir are interchangeable, but çêtir is more conservative.

3.5 Degree adverbs

Particle Meaning Example
pir / gelek very pir baş (very good)
zehf very (Sinjar) zehf rind
hîn still hîn baştir
qet not at all qet ne baş
hinekî a little hinekî sar
baş well, very baş mezin
zêde too much zêde germ

4. PRONOUN TABLES

The personal pronouns directly mirror the case system described above: every pronoun has a direct and an oblique form. The difference is not a stylistic device but grammatically obligatory, and it is the key to understanding the ergative construction: in ez (dir.) “I” versus min (obl.) “me/to me” lies exactly the form that appears in the transitive preterite as the agent (“ergative”). So whoever says Min ew dît “I saw him” is not mistakenly using “me”, but the correct oblique agent form. Possession is expressed by oblique pronouns in Izafe linkage (mala min “my house”, lit. “house-the of-me”). The enclitic short forms (column “clitic”) occur in rapid speech and in fixed expressions.

4.1 Personal pronouns (full overview)

Person direct oblique clitic (shortened) possessive (with Izafe)
1.sg ez min -m / -im -a min / -ê min
2.sg tu te -t / -et -a te / -ê te
3.sg m ew wî (rarely -e/-i) -a wî / -ê wî
3.sg f ew wê -a wê / -ê wê
1.pl em me -man / -man -a me / -ê me
2.pl hûn / hun / hûng we -tan -a we / -ê we
3.pl ew wan -yan -a wan / -ê wan

4.2 Reflexive pronoun

  • xwe: invariant for all persons + all numbers
  • Ez xwe dibînim.: I see myself.
  • Wî xwe şuşt.: He washed himself.
  • Em xwe dixwînin.: We educate ourselves.

4.3 Reciprocal pronoun

  • hev / hevdu: each other, one another
  • Em hev dibînin.: We see each other.
  • Em ji hev hez dikin.: We love each other (mutually).
  • Em digel hev in.: We are together.

4.4 Demonstrative pronouns

Form direct oblique m oblique f oblique pl Meaning
near (adj.) ev vî vê van this
far (adj.) ew wî wê wan that
near (subst.) eva (m)/evê (f) , , evna this one here
far (subst.) ewa (m)/ewê (f) , , ewna that one there

Examples:

  • Ev mêr birayê min e.: This man is my brother.
  • Min vî mêrî dît.: I saw this man.
  • Vê jinê tu dîtî?: Did you see this woman?
  • Van xwarinan amade kir.: She prepared these dishes.

4.5 Possessive pronouns (substantival: “mine, yours…”)

Person Form (m.sg) Form (f.sg) Form (pl)
1.sg yê min ya min yên min
2.sg yê te ya te yên te
3.sg m yê wî ya wî yên wî
3.sg f yê wê ya wê yên wê
1.pl yê me ya me yên me
2.pl yê we ya we yên we
3.pl yê wan ya wan yên wan

Examples:

  • Ev kitêb ya min e.: This book is mine.
  • Maşîn a wan e.: The car is theirs.
  • Yên te li wir in.: Yours are there.

4.6 Interrogative pronouns (complete)

Hawar IPA Meaning Example
kî /kiː/ who (dir.) Kî hat?, Who came?
kê /keː/ whose / whom (obl.) Mala kê ye?, Whose house?
çi /tʃi/ what Çi dikî?, What are you doing?
çend /tʃɛnd/ how many Çend mêr?, How many men?
çawa /tʃɑwɑ/ how (manner) Çawa yî?, How are you?
kengî /kɛŋɡiː/ when Kengî tê?, When are you coming?
kû / ku /kuː/ /ku/ where / where to Kû ye?, Where is (it)?
çima /tʃimɑ/ why Çima nehat?, Why did (he) not come?
kîjan /kiːʒɑn/ which Kîjan kitêb?, Which book?
çiqas /tʃiqɑs/ how much Çiqas baş!, How good!
ji bo çi /ʒi bo tʃi/ what for / for what Ji bo çi?, What for?

4.7 Indefinite pronouns

Hawar Meaning
kes someone / no one (context)
kesek someone
tu kes no one
tişt something / thing
tiştek something
tu tişt nothing
her tişt everything
hemû all
hin / hinek some
pir / gelek many
hindik few
yek one
din / dîtir other
heman the same
her every
her kes everyone

5. PREPOSITIONS + POSTPOSITIONS + CIRCUMPOSITIONS

A typological peculiarity that Kurmancî shares with other Iranian languages is its wealth of circumpositions: the reference word is framed simultaneously at the front by a preposition (di, ji, bi, li) and at the back by a postposition (-de, -re, -ve), for instance di malê de “in the house”, bi te re “with you”. Pure, standalone postpositions have become rare in modern usage; the normal case is the bracket. All complements of a pre- or circumposition stand in the oblique case (hence mal → malê). Often a preposition and a pronoun merge into clitic short forms (ji wî → jê “from him”, bi wî → pê “with him”, di wî de → tê “in him”), as section 5.4 shows.

5.1 Pure prepositions

Hawar Meaning Example
bi with, by/through bi tirimbêlê (by car)
ji from, out of ji malê (out of the house)
li at, on, in li mal (at home)
di in (with postp.) di mal de (in the house)
bo for, to bo te (for you)
wek / wekî like wek bira (like a brother)
heta / heya until heta sibehê (until tomorrow)
ber before, opposite ber mal (in front of the house)
pişt behind pişt mal (behind the house)
ser on, over ser maseyê (on the table)
binî / bin under bin maseyê (under the table)
nav between, in nav me (between us)
dor around dor mal (around the house)
gel / digel with, at digel min (with me)
nêzîkî near nêzîkî malê (near the house)
dijî against dijî dijminan (against the enemies)
li ser about (topic) li ser dîrokê (about history)
li hember opposite li hember mal (opposite the house)
li gor according to li gor min (in my opinion)

5.2 Pure postpositions

Hawar Meaning Example
-de in (locative) mal-de (in the house, archaic)
-ra with / to (comitative) bi te re (with you)
-ve toward, to bi malê ve (toward the house)

In modern Êzdîkî, pure postpositions are rare, usually circumpositions (see below).

5.3 Circumpositions (the most frequent type!)

Circumposition Meaning Example
di … de in (locative) di malê de, in the house
di … re through di derî re, through the door
ji … re for, to (dative) ji min re, for me, to me
ji … ve since, out of ji sibehê ve, since morning
ji … derve outside of ji bajêr derve, outside the city
bi … re with (comitative) bi te re, with you
bi … ve attached to bi dîwarî ve, to the wall
li … bal at, with li bal min, at my place
li ser … de on something li ser maseyê de, on the table
li … rast opposite of li mal rast, opposite the house
heta … de up to heta malê de, up to the house
ji ber … de because of ji ber barana de, because of the rain
ji bo … de because of, for ji bo te de, for your sake

5.4 Postpositional merging with personal pronouns

Personal pronoun + postposition are often merged:

circumposition + pron. merger meaning
bi min re (rarely merged) pê min re? with me
ji min re jimre for me
bi wî re pê re with him
ji wî re jêr (clitic) for him
li wî lê (on him) on him
jê (merged from ji wî/wê) from him/her
pê (from bi wî/wê) with him/her
tê (from di wî/wê de) in him/her

6. CONJUNCTIONS

6.1 Coordinating conjunctions

Hawar Meaning Example
û and Ez û tu, I and you
an or Çay an qehwe?, Tea or coffee?
an na or not Tu tê an na?, Are you coming or not?
lê but Ez tê, lê dereng, I’m coming, but late
belê / lê belê but, however belê, ev rast e, but that is right
ne … ne neither … nor Ne ez ne tu, Neither I nor you
hem … hem both … and hem ez hem tu, both I and you
ji ber wê yekê therefore Ji ber wê yekê min nekir, Therefore I did not do it
lewra for, because Ez naçim lewra baran tê, I’m not going, for it’s raining
loma therefore loma neyê, so don’t come

6.2 Subordinating conjunctions

Temporal

Hawar Meaning
dema (ku) / dema when / as
gava (ku) when / as (temporal)
heta (ku) until
piştî ku after
berî ku before
ji wê demê ve since then
her dem ku every time when
hingî ku as soon as

Causal

| ji ber ku | because | | lewra ku | for | | ji bo ku | so that / because |

Conditional

| eger / heger / ger | if / in case | | heke | if (subj.) | | bila / bira | so that (optative) |

Concessive

| her çend (ku) | although | | bi qasî ku | as much as |

Final

| ji bo ku | so that | | da ku | so that | | ku | that (universal) |

Complementizer

| ku | that | | ka | whether | | gelo | whether (question complementizer) |

| çawa ku | just as | | wek ku | as if | | mîna ku | as if |

6.3 Example sentences (conjunctions in context)

  • Ez dixwazim ku tu werî.: I want you to come.
  • Eger baran nebare, ez ê biçim.: If it doesn’t rain, I will go.
  • Ji ber ku ez nexweş bûm, neçûm.: Because I was sick, I did not go.
  • Berî ku tu werî, ez ê amade bim.: Before you come, I will be ready.
  • Her çend ku ew ciwan e, jî ew aqilmend e.: Although he is young, he is clever.
  • Tu wek ku xemgîn î.: You are as if (= seem) sad.

7. NUMERALS

7.1 Cardinal numbers 0–100

Number Hawar
0 sifir / nul
1 yek
2 du / didu
3 sê / sisê
4 çar
5 pênc
6 şeş
7 heft
8 heşt
9 neh
10 deh
11 yanzdeh
12 duwazdeh
13 sêzdeh
14 çardeh
15 pazdeh
16 şanzdeh
17 hivdeh
18 hijdeh
19 nozdeh
20 bîst
21 bîst û yek
30 sî
40 çil
50 pêncî
60 şêst
70 heftê
80 heştê
90 nod / nehwêd
100 sed
200 du sed
1000 hezar
10,000 deh hezar
100,000 sed hezar
1,000,000 milyon

7.2 Ordinal numbers

Formation: cardinal number + -em (or -yem after a vowel)

Number Ordinal
1 yekem
2 duyem
3 sêyem
4 çarem
5 pêncem
6 şeşem
7 heftem
8 heştem
9 nehem
10 dehem
20 bîstem
100 sedem

7.3 Fractions

Form Meaning
nîv half
nîvek one half
çarîk / çarek one quarter
sêyek one third
dehyek one tenth
sedik one hundredth

7.4 Multiplicative / distributive

Form Meaning
carekê / carek once
du caran twice
sê caran three times
pir caran often
her car every time
yek bi yek one by one
du bi du in pairs

8. NEGATION + MODAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Negation in Kurmancî is stem- and mood-dependent: different prefixes mark negation depending on whether a present indicative, an imperative, a subjunctive or the copula is being negated (Thackston 2006; Wikipedia, Kurdish grammar). The present takes na- (before a consonant) or ni- (before a vowel: ni-zanim “I don’t know”); imperative and subjunctive take ne- or the older me- (me-ke! “don’t do it!”); the copula and the preterite take ne- (ez ne im “I am not”). Alongside this exists the suppletive negative existence tune/tunîne “there is not” as the counterpart to heye/hene “there is”. Modality is mostly expressed analytically: a modal expression (divê “one must”, dikare “can”, pêwîst e “is necessary”) governs a complement clause with the subjunctive, the negated modality then appears either on the modal word or on the dependent verb (section 8.3).

8.1 Negation particles

Marker Use Example
na- present verb ez naçim (I don’t go)
ni- present verb (before vowel) ez nizanim (I don’t know)
ne- imperative, subj., pret., copula neke! (don’t do it!) / ez ne im (I am not)
me- imperative negative (old) meke! (don’t do it!)
tu absolute “no/none” tu kes (no one), tu tişt (nothing)
qet not at all qet ne baş (not good at all)
tune / tunîne non-existence av tune (there is no water)

8.2 Modal verbs with complement clause

Modal verb Construction Example
divê divê + subj. + subjunctive divê ez biçim, I must go
dikare (subj.) + dikare + subjunctive tu dikarî werî, you can come
dixwaze (subj.) + dixwaze + subjunctive ez dixwazim biçim, I want to go
pêwîst e pêwîst e ku + subj. + subjunctive pêwîst e ku tu werî, it is necessary that…
lazim e lazim e + subj. + subjunctive lazim e ez biçim
dibe ku dibe ku + subj. + subjunctive dibe ku baran bibare, it may rain
şixulî ye şixulî ye ku + … (modern, “it is busy with the fact that…”)
hêvîya min ew e ku hêvîya min ew e ku + subj. + subjunctive hêvîya min ew e ku tu baş î, I hope that you are well

8.3 Modal negation

  • Divê ez neçim.: I must not go.
  • Ez nikarim biçim.: I cannot go.
  • Ez naxwazim biçim.: I don’t want to go.
  • Ne pêwîst e ku tu werî.: It is not necessary that you come.

9. IMPERATIVE TABLE (20 verbs)

Verb (inf.) Imperative 2.sg Imperative 2.pl Negative 2.sg Negative 2.pl
bûn be! / bibe! bin! / bibin! nebe! nebin!
kirin bike! bikin! meke! / neke! mekin! / nekin!
çûn here! / biçe! herin! / biçin! meçe! / neçe! meçin! / neçin!
hatin were! werin! meye!/neyê! meyin!/neyên!
dîtin bibîne! bibînin! mebîne! mebînin!
gotin bibêje! bibêjin! mebêje! mebêjin!
xwarin bixwe! bixwin! mexwe! mexwin!
vexwarin vexwe! vexwin! venexwe! venexwin!
dan bide! bidin! nede! nedin!
birin bibe! bibin! nebe! nebin!
anîn bîne! bînin! nebîne! nebînin!
zanîn bizane! bizanin! nezane! nezanin!
karîn (rare) , , ,
xwastin bixwaze! bixwazin! mexwaze! mexwazin!
mayîn bimîne! bimînin! memîne! memînin!
firotin bifiroşe! bifiroşin! mefiroşe! mefiroşin!
kirîn bikire! bikirin! mekire! mekirin!
gerîn bigere! bigerin! megere! megerin!
xwendin bixwîne! bixwînin! mexwîne! mexwînin!
hebûn (defective, only 3.sg./pl.) , , ,

APPENDIX: IMPORTANT SENTENCE PATTERNS (TYPOLOGICAL)

A.1 Simple declarative sentence (present, intrans.)

SUBJ-dir. + (ADV) + VERB-pres.

  • Ez îro diçim mal.: I’m going home today. (subj-dir, adv, verb, goal)

A.2 Simple declarative sentence (present, trans.)

SUBJ-dir. + OBJ-obl. + VERB-pres.

  • Ez kitêbê dixwînim.: I read the book.

A.3 Simple declarative sentence (preterite, intrans.)

SUBJ-dir. + (ADV) + VERB-pret.

  • Ez çûm.: I went.

A.4 Simple declarative sentence (preterite, trans. = ERGATIVE!)

SUBJ-obl. + OBJ-dir. + VERB-pret.(agreeing with OBJ!)

  • Min ew dît.: I saw him. (min=obl, ew=dir, dît=3.sg)
  • Wî em dîtin.: He saw us. (wî=obl, em=dir, dîtin=1.pl-agreeing with em!)

A.5 Existential sentence (possessive)

(NOUN-INDEF.) + POSSESSOR-obl. + heye/hene/hebû/tune

  • Kitêbeke min heye.: I have a book. (lit.: “A book of-mine exists”)
  • Du keçên wan hebûn.: They had two daughters.

A.6 Question sentence

(question particle) + SUBJ + ... + VERB?

  • Tu çawa yî?: How are you?
  • Ma tu tê?: Are you coming?
  • Gelo ev rast e?: Is that true?

A.7 Conditional sentence

Eger + subj. verb, + main clause with subj./future

  • Eger tu werî, ez ê şa bibim.: If you come, I will be happy.
  • Eger min ew dîta, min jê re digot.: If I had seen him, I would have told him.

A.8 Relative clause

NOUN-IZAFE + ku + REL.CLAUSE-verb

  • Mêrê ku hat, birayê min e.: The man who came is my brother.
  • Jina ku te dît, dotmama min e.: The woman you saw is my cousin.

APPENDIX B: KURMANCÎ STANDARD AND ÊZÎDÎ DIALECT FEATURES

The paradigms given in this document follow the supra-regional Kurmancî standard in the Hawar alphabet, because for learners this is the most reliable, best-documented basis. How does the language actually spoken by Êzîdîs relate to it?

Êzdîkî is southern Kurmancî with a confessional special vocabulary. Structurally, that is, in conjugation, declension, ergativity and Izafe, it coincides with the Kurmancî described by Thackston, Bedirxan/Lescot and Kurdo. The differences lie primarily in the lexicon (religious terms, proper names, taboo and ritual vocabulary) and in phonetic peculiarities of individual dialect areas, not in a divergent grammatical system.

Scientifically well documented above all is the Southern Kurmancî of the Şingal (Sinjar) region in northern Iraq, which Khanna Omarkhali has documented in her text collections and her Kurdish Reader (with a grammatical sketch and glossaries). Material collections on Yezidi Kurmancî go back as far as the fieldwork of the 1960s. A phonetic shibboleth of Êzîdî speech mentioned in the scholarly literature is the swapping of certain sounds in religiously connoted proper names (e.g. the realization as 'Acî instead of 'Alî), an example of how the Êzîdî imprint manifests itself more in pronunciation and vocabulary than in morphology.

Notable in terms of language politics: the codifier of the scientific Kurmancî grammar in the East, Qanatê Kurdo (Kanat Kurdoev), himself came from an Êzîdî family (born near Kars) and shaped Soviet/Leningrad Kurdology. The Êzîdî community was thus not merely an object but a co-bearer of the modern description of Kurdish.

For a deeper treatment of sound geography, substrate questions and the delimitation of Kurmancî / Soranî / Zazakî, see Linguistik; for the history of writing (Hawar Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic Kurdish), see Alphabet-Historie; the religious conceptual world is opened up by Religion, the everyday vocabulary by the Glossar.

Convention note: This work consistently uses the spelling Êzîdî/Êzîdîs for the community and Êzdîkî for their way of speaking, in the Hawar Latin alphabet. The table data are taken over unchanged; the enhancement of this version over the previous one lies solely in the explanatory prose and the sourced background sections.

CITATION NOTE

ezdixan.de Grammar Tables (2026): Full paradigms Êzdîkî/Kurmancî. A synthesis of Thackston (2006), Bedirxan/Lescot (1970), Qanatê Kurdo/Kurdoev (1957), Chyet (2003), Omarkhali (2017) as well as language-typological secondary literature (Haig; Atlamaz/Baker). Online: ezdixan.de/grammatik/

Standard grammars (primary)

Lexicography & Êzîdî sources

Language typology: split ergativity (secondary literature)

Cross-references (canonical slugs): Linguistik · Glossar · Alphabet-Historie · Religion

End of the grammar tables.

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